Indus Civilization Timeline and Description

The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization and sometimes the Indus Valley Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, including over 2600 known archaeological sites located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers in Pakistan and India, an area of some 1.6 million square kilometers. The largest known Harappan site is Ganweriwala, located on the bank of the Sarasvati river. Timeline of the Indus Civilization Important sites are listed after each phase. Chalcolithic cultures 4300-3200 BCEarly Harappan 3500-2700 BC (Mohenjo-Daro, Mehrgarh, Jodhpura, Padri)Early Harappan/Mature Harappan Transition 2800-2700 BC (Kumal, Nausharo, Kot Diji, Nari)Mature Harappan 2700-1900 BC (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Shortgua, Lothal, Nari)Late Harappan 1900-1500 BC (Lothal, Bet Dwarka) The earliest settlements of the Harappans were in Baluchistan, Pakistan, beginning about 3500 BC. These sites are an independent outgrowth of Chalcolithic cultures in place in south Asia between 3800-3500 BC. Early Harappan sites built mud brick houses, and carried on long-distance trade.The Mature Harappan sites are located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers and their tributaries. They lived in planned communities of houses built of mud brick, burnt brick, and chiseled stone. Citadels were built at sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira and Ropar, with carved stone gateways and fortification walls. Around the citadels were an extensive range of water reservoirs. Trade with Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Persian gulf is in evidence between 2700-1900 BC. Indus Lifestyles Mature Harappan society had three classes, including a religious elite, a trading class class and the poor workers. Art of the Harappan includes bronze figures of men, women, animals, birds and toys cast with the lost was method. Terracotta figurines are rarer, but are known from some sites, as is shell, bone, semiprecious and clay jewelry.Seals carved from steatite squares contain the earliest forms of writing. Almost 6000 inscriptions have been found to date, although they have yet to be deciphered. Scholars are divided about whether the language is likely a form of Proto-Dravidian, Proto-Brahmi or Sanskrit. Early burials were primarily extended with grave goods; later burials were varied. Subsistence and Industry The earliest pottery made in the Harappan region was built beginning about 6000 BC, and included storage jars, perforated cylindrical towers and footed dishes. The copper/bronze industry flourished at sites such as Harappa and Lothal, and copper casting and hammering were used. Shell and bead making industry was very important, particularly at sites such as Chanhu-daro where mass production of beads and seals is in evidence.The Harappan people grew wheat, barley, rice, ragi, jowar, and cotton, and raised cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and chickens. Camels, elephants, horses, and asses were used as transport. Late Harappan The Harappan civilization ended between about 2000 and 1900 BC, resulting from a combination of environmental factors such as flooding and climatic changes, tectonic activity, and the decline of trade with western societies.   Indus Civilization Research Archaeologists associated with the Indus Valley Civilizations include R.D. Banerji, John Marshall, N. Dikshit, Daya Ram Sahni, Madho Sarup Vats, Mortimer Wheeler. More recent work has been conducted by B.B. Lal, S.R. Rao, M.K. Dhavalikar, G.L. Possehl, J. F. Jarrige, Jonathon Mark Kenoyer, and Deo Prakash Sharma, among many others at the National Museum in New Delhi. Important Harappan Sites Ganweriwala, Rakhigarhi, Dhalewan, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Harappa, Nausharo, Kot Diji, and Mehrgarh, Padri. Sources An excellent source for detailed information of the Indus civilization and with lots of photographs is Harappa.com. For information on the Indus Script and Sanskrit, see Ancient Writing of India and Asia. Archaeological sites (both on About.com and elsewhere are compiled in Archaeological Sites of the Indus Civilization. A brief Bibliography of the Indus Civilization has also been compiled.

Essay on Stock Market Crash as the Cause of the Great...

What Was the Exact Cause Of The Great Depression? The United States Great Depression leads many people to believe different stories about what actually caused it. The Stock Market Crash in October of 1929 is often referred to as the beginning of the Great Depression, but did it actually cause it? The answer is that it was the spark that lit the flame of the Great Depression. The Great depression was a financial decline that started in 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. Its pinpoint was in North America and Europe, but plagued countries around the world (especially developed countries). Unemployment and homelessness sky rocketed and construction practically stopped in many countries. Industrial production declined by 50%,†¦show more content†¦This increased the spending but created debt for the shoppers. Consumers who were deeply in debt risked failure to pay, even when a price deflation occurred and they kept working their jobs. To cope with this dilemma, they drastically cut spending to make payments. Thus, the demand for luxury items and new products dropped. New cars were not selling as fast as they had been. New electronics such as radios were crowded together in display windows. Warehouses began to be jammed and this led to layoffs. Manufacturers read reports of overloaded warehouse and did not care. They believed that is was only temporary and would soon clear up. (Nardo 30-31) Early in September the stock market reached an unsurpassed high. Immediately following this high, the market began to gradually slide. On the afternoon of October 24, 1929 the great American stock market took a bottomless plunge. Investors finally realized the stock boom had been an over inflated bubble. Margin investors were being ruined because stock holders tried to pay back debts. By November of 1929, the Dow sank from 400 to 145. In three days, the New York Stock Exchange removed over 5 billion dollars worth of share values. 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Liberal Arts Essay Example For Students

Liberal Arts Essay Law schools report that by the yardsticks Of law review and grades, their top students come from math, classics, and literature, with political science, economics, pre- awe and legal studies ranking lower. In todays fast evolving world, leaders across the spectrum of vocations and professions need a broad imaginative and critical capacity, not a prematurely narrow point of view. In terms of the actual world, a solid liberal arts and sciences education will generally prove the most practical preparation for many demanding, high-level careers, or for the several careers that an increasing number of adults will eventually pursue. No particular concentration or area of study is inherently a better ticket to security, leadership, or personal satisfaction than another, Students should he encouraged to follow heir passions and interests, not what they guess (or what others tell them) will lead to a supposedly more marketable set of skills. Of course, higher education has a utilitarian function. In that regard, as Robert Bella states, it possesses its own legitimacy, Yet, it is crucial to combine and integrate that function with other aims and ends, with what Bella calls education for the development of character, citizenship, and culture, A healthy system of higher education offers many rewards: scientific discoveries, eventual and even unforeseen applications, Houghton political leadership, intelligent public discourse, cultural vitality, and an educated workforce. Higher learning serves several goals in coordination, goals that are mutually reinforcing. The aims are at once personal and social, private and public, economic, ethical, and intellectual. Han. radar College exists to serve all these goals and Offers a broad array Of concentrations and courses for the purpose of educating the whole individual. Why? Because that kind of education, and not one aimed at certain occupational targets, is, in the long run, the best preparation for advanced achievement. The very broad, capacious arm of education that we call the liberal arts is rooted in a specific curriculum in classical and medieval times. But it would be wrong to assume that because it has such ancient roots, this kind of education is outdated, stale, fusty, or irrelevant, In fact, quite the contrary. A liberal-arts education, which Louis Maenad defined in The Marketplace of Ideas as a background mentality, a way of thinking, a kind of intellectual DNA that informs work in every specialized area of inquiry, lends itself particularly well to contemporary high-tech methods tot imparting knowledge, We all wrestle with the challenges of educating students ho are used to multitasking, doing their homework while listening to music and testing on their phones. For such students, the Web-based facilities of exciting liberal-arts courses are particularly salient. What would Aristotle or Erasmus or Robert Maynard Hutchins not have given for a technique that allows one to tour the worlds greatest museums, looking closely at the details of countless masterpieces; explore the ruins of ancient castles and pyramids and forums; join archaeological digs at your desk, turning objects around to see all sides of them; visualize problems in geometry or astronomy or mathematics in overall dimensions and work out their solutions. An excellent example of the power Of multimedia coupled With the liberal arts is Imaginary Journeys, a general-education course sometimes taught at Harvard university by Stephen Greenbelts. The course is described as being about global mobility, encounter, and exchange at the time that Harvard College was founded in 1636. Using the interactive resources of computer technology, we follow imaginary voyages of three ships that leave England in 1633. Sites include Loons Globe Theatre, Benign, Barbados, Brazil, Mexico. With this kind of course in mind, it seems hat the liberal arts could almost have been designed for sophisticated online learning, so tar from being stale or fusty are these ways of knowing. This kind of education has become more and more appealing to students and teachers at universities around the world. Donald Marketer, the warden of Oxfords Rhodes House, recently gave a series of lectures in Canada entitled The Need for Breadth. He referred to a surge of interest in li beral education in many other countries. He cites a major address in London by Yales Richard Levin in which Levin noted that Asian leaders are increasingly attracted to the American model f undergraduate curriculum, specifically because of the two years of breadth and depth in different disciplines provided before a student chooses an area of concentration or embarks on professional training. Levin described liberal- arts honors programs at Peking University, South Koreans Honeys University, and the National University of Singapore; he also referred to liberal-arts curricula at Feudal University, Nanjing university, and the University of Hong Kong. Animal Testing (2182 words) EssayThe most valuable and attractive people we know are those Who have rich and fascinating intellectual furniture in those spaces rather than a void been their ears. Virginia Wolf used a different spatial image to make a similar point in her book Three Guineas, when she talked about the importance of cultivating taste and the knowledge of the arts and literature and music. She argues that people who are so caught up in their professions or business that they never have time to listen to music or look at pictures lose the sense of sight, the sense of sound, the sense of proportion. And she concludes: What then remains off human being who has lost sight, and sound, and a sense of proportion? Only a cripple in a cave. So my fourth argument for a liberal-arts education is that it allows you to furnish the back room of your mind, preparing you tort both society and solitude, My final argument is that the liberal arts admit you to a community of scholars, bo th professional and amateur, spanning the ages. Here would quote one of my predecessors at Wellesley, Alice Freeman (later Alice V-Riemann Palmer). When she presided over Wellesley in the last part of the 19th century, t was quite unusual for girls to BOO to college (as indeed it still is today in some parts of the world). In a speech she gave to answer the repeated question she got from girls and their families, Why Go to College? She said: We go to college to know, assured that knowledge is sweet and powerful, that a good education emancipates the mind and makes us citizens Of the world. The sweet and powerful knowledge imparted by a liberal-arts education is specifically designed to fulfill this promise. But how can college presidents today best go about making the case for the liberal arts? First and most obvious, they should use the bully lip Of the college presidency deliberately and effectively?at convocations, commencements, groundbreakings for new buildings, in speeches to the local Rotary Club or the state 4. H club convention, and addresses to alumni clubs. This is a truly precious opportunity that few other leaders have, to address the community in situations where there is likely to be respectful attention to their message, at least for a while! They should use the opportunity with zest! The second way is by using their fund-raising skills and obligations to raise money for exciting programs like Greenbacks Imaginary Journeys. They can make this ease effectively to foundations and generous alumni who remember their own liberal-arts education fondly, and thus enhance the resources available for this purpose. Presidents can demonstrate their support tot the liberal arts in how they honor faculty members. With the teaching awards and other distinctions their colleges offer, they should single out for praise and support those who have been most effective in advancing the liberal-arts mission. And then they can ensure that these awards and recognitions are appropriately highlighted in college publications and in messages to parents and prospective students. And reaps the most effective way presidents can use their leadership to offer support is to speak from a liberal-arts perspective in their own discourse, both formal and informal, by citing examples of fine literature, drawing on instances from history, referring to the arts, and describing learning in the sciences in liberal terms. Rhetoric was one of the original rates liberals, and it can still be one Of the most transformation.

An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essays

An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essays An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essay An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essay Yeast is one of the various single celled fungi that form masses of miniature circular or oval cells by budding. When placed in sugar solution the cells multiply and convert the sugar solution into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts are used as fermenting agents in baking, brewing and the making of wine and spirits. Brewers yeast is a rich source of vitamin B.Respiration in yeast is the production of the energy in the mitochondria of the cells. There are 2 types of respiration, Anaerobic and aerobic. At first aerobic respiration will be present but only until the oxygen that is already dissolved in the water. When the oxygen is used up anaerobic respiration will be present which produces the alcohol. The word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast is:Glucose Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + EnergyAnaerobic respiration is different in humans than it is in yeast because we break down glucose into lactic acid whereas yeast breaks it down into alcohol.Input Variabl esThere are several different variables in this experiment such as:The temperature of the waterAmount of WaterAmount of YeastAmount of sugarThe time it is left forIn this experiment I will be changing the temperature of the water.PredictionI predict that the hotter the water is the more carbon dioxide bubbles will be produced because the hot water will produce more kinetic energy so it increases the chance of collision. If we heat the sugar solution too much then the enzyme will change shape and it will become impossible for it to join with the sugar to form a complex. This is called denaturing the enzyme, I predict that this will happen at 70 80 C.PlanFirst I will set up the apparatus as show above. I will add 1.5 grams of sugar to 25ml of water and dissolve it. When we have the water at the correct temperature I will add the same amount of yeast to the sugar solution. When the water is at the correct temperature I will let it stand for 5 minutes. The first test I am going to do w ill be at normal tap temperature (20 C). I am going to increase the temperature by 15 C each time until I get to 80 C. I will measure the amount of respiration by counting the carbon dioxide bubbles entering the second test tube.Fair TestTo keep this investigation fair I am going to:* Keep the amount of sugar and yeast the same throughout the investigation* Keep the amount of water the same throughout the investigation* Let the solution stand for the same amount of time each time, five minutes* Add the yeast only when the sugar solution is at the correct temperatureSafetyThis investigation isnt very dangerous; I will only have to be careful when handling the hot water.AnalysisFrom my results you can see that the yeast reacts better between 35-50 C. This is because at 20 C the water was too cold to give the enzyme any energy. At 65 C there was not much reaction, I recorded an average of 2.5 bubbles of carbon dioxide. This was because the water was too hot and when the water is too ho t the enzyme deforms and changes shape as shown in my prediction diagram. It gave off a few carbon dioxide bubbles at the beginning before it changed shape so maybe at 50 60 C the yeast will react better as it didnt change shape straight away. At 80 C the water was far too hot, this would have changed the shape of the yeast straight away. I know this because we only counted one carbon dioxide bubble for the whole of the experiment.Quality of ResultsI think that my results were precise. I know this because I measured the yeast and sugar with electronic scales. The water was an accurate measurement as well as I used a measuring cylinder to measure it. Another measurement that was accurate was the temperature of the water as we used a thermometer so I knew when to add the yeast. The final results were another accurate measurement as I completed the same test three times.Was It A Fair Test?This test was fair because:* I used the same amount of yeast for each test* I used the same amoun t of water for each test* I counted the bubbles for the same period of time each test.The only thing that wasnt fair about the test was that I had to use different types of yeast. For the first and second tests I used yeast that was in small balls (not ground) and for the third test I used a powdered yeast but was still the same brand. I dont think this changed the outcome of my results much as we got similar results for the first, second and third test. The only difference that may have been was that the ground yeast started to respire earlier as it was smaller, therefore easier to dissolve! Another reason that could have made my test unfair was that when the yeast was first added it was dormant and dehydrated. I had to wait for it to start to respire, but this was the case in all the tests so in a way it was fair.Accuracy of MeasurementsAll of my measurements were accurate. This was because I used an electronic set of scales to weigh the yeast and the sugar. Another reason why my test was accurate was that we used a thermometer to check the temperature that is an accurate means of measuring heat. It would have been even more accurate if we used an electronic thermometer.Improvements to PlanThe only major improvement that I think would have been useful would be to increase the temperature by only 5 C each time instead of 15 C. This would help us to get a more accurate measurement of when the yeast respires best. If I had more time I would have done this and would have been able to find the optimum temperature for the yeast. Another improvement would have been to measure the amount of carbon dioxide given off instead of counting the bubbles. This would have been a good improvement as bubble sizes change, they are never the same size.

A Quick Tutorial on the Perl Array Pop() Function

A Quick Tutorial on the Perl Array Pop() Function When writing a Perl script you might find it handy to use the pop() function, which looks like this: $ITEM pop(ARRAY); Perls pop() function is used to remove and return (or pop) the last element from an array, which reduces the number of elements by one. The last element in the array is the one with the highest index. Its easy to confuse this function with shift(), which removes the first element from an array. An Example of Using the Perl Pop() Function myNames (Larry, Curly, Moe);$oneName pop(myNames); If you think of an array as a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right, it would be the element on the far right. The pop() function would cut the element off the right side of the array, return it, and reduce the elements by one. In the examples, the value of $oneName becomes Moe, the last element, and myNames is shortened to (Larry, Curly). The array can also be thought of as a stack- picture of a stack of numbered boxes, starting with 0 on the top, and increasing as it goes down. The pop() function would pop the element off the bottom of the stack, return it, and reduce the elements by one. myNames (Larry,Curly,Moe);$oneName pop(myNames);

Career Progress Initiating, Inspiring, Leading Essay

Career Progress Initiating, Inspiring, Leading - Essay Example When I worked as an engineer at Intel from 2001 to 2004, I inspired my mediocre team into a top unit, by initiating an out-of-the-box thinking environment that resulted in over 30 technical innovations in just 1 year. I followed up this innovation culture by leading a cross-departmental platform where engineers from across the company could contribute and share a think tank of ideas that solved several long-running problems of many a unit. I learnt that inspiring others to achieve their dreams is a wonderful achievement in itself. I also learnt that taking initiative to lead a change process is well worth the risk of failure. The team of engineers that I led published ten articles on the prestigious Intel Disclosure Forum in one year - a record by far. From 2004 to 2007, I worked as a business consultant at Accenture, in charge of setting up the billion-dollar industry giant's operations in China. It was a daunting task to apply the best practices of the company in the traditional Chinese environment. I found my way around the problem in two ways. Customizing these practices to best suit the local needs, and innovating new ideas that helped the client learn and adopt them. I learned to interact with the top management and the employees of several Chinese companies to make them familiar of the changing business realities and inspiring them to embrace new ideas. This consulting experience gave me tremendous insight into different businesses, managerial philosophies, operational styles and global perspectives. I also got to learn how to communicate with top executives and persuade them to see my point of view. My Candidacy Since I worked as tennis coach I have always dreamed of building a tennis school of my own. Since I applied last time at Wharton my life has been very eventful. I have gone ahead and implemented my dream to some extent. I have been making plans and accumulating a small fortune on my own for my school all this time and things finally fell into place early this year. A high school was on sale in the neighborhood and I decided to buy this school and transform it into to a sports school. This sudden turn of events has caught me unawares on several skills of entrepreneurship that I had no idea about. First, I learnt how to write a business plan and persuade others to invest in it. I raised money from eleven colleagues in Intel and Accenture and four alumni. They became my founding shareholders. Secondly, I learnt the psychological side of managing people. It took a lot of efforts to make the former management team of the school to understand my ideas and to keep them from quitting. Third, I learnt about marketing & sales, a function that I had never touched before. This entrepreneurship experience has given me tremendous confidence in myself and hands-on experience in setting-up and running a business from the scratch. I feel, I am better equipped to understand the latest theories and practices of the business world than last year. I am also more focused in my approach to studies, with a well etched out career plan. Career Goals Based on the current business, I set my short-term career goal to build a brand name for this sports education venture by associating it with famous athletes, pioneering education philosophies, and sponsoring local sports events. I want to

Student Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Student Assessment - Assignment Example They also fail to measure the need for student growth which is needed to plan future instruction or lecture strategies (Tsagari). This has called for re-examining the traditional or conventional approach to testing qualities, hence a movement of alternative testing (Rachmnn 2005). Wiggins (1998) and Darling-Hammond, Ancess and Falk (1995) also pointed out the problem of deep understanding with conventional testing, emphasizing that deep understanding is robust learning which can be applied to different situations. The criticism pointed out by Wiggins and Darling-Hammond is that conventional forms of testing such as exercises, quizzes and multiple choice questions are not capable of gauging this understanding among students (Williams 2007). Due to these criticisms Wiggins and Darling-Hammond, Ancess and Falk are in favor of performance assessment, in which instead of testing a student using multiple choice questions, they are to work on projects, conduct interviews, and presentations in order to demonstrate their understanding to the reviewers/teachers (Ross 2006) . The basic premise of the vision of authentic achievement as proposed by Newmann, Secada, and Wehlage (1995) outlines the creation of more interesting yet challenging assessment tools for students. Teachers can encourage students to produce more intellectual work in the form of real world applications, and hence increase their performance. Although the basic assumption behind traditional and authentic assessment is common, which is to develop prolific citizens, the former approach tests the students on the possession of certain knowledge while the latter tests the students on the application of knowledge (Mueller 2008). Another difference between the two approaches is that in the traditional approach knowledge is the curriculum determined prior to delivery while in the latter the task to be executed by the students is determined first, which would include the application of knowledge and the curriculum to enable the students to perform the task is determined later (Mueller 2008). Dictionary definition of rubric is "an authoritative rule, especially, a rule for conduct of a liturgical service" (Dictionary 2008). Rubrics basically are assessment tools with the help of which the teacher can predefine what basis the paper or work will be judged on and how scoring will be done on the basis of the predefined criteria (ALTEC 2008). Hence, I agree with the statement that "using rubrics to code student work makes the expectations for success clear, and thereby solves a major problem of traditional assessment, namely, the mystery of marking/evaluating student performance" (Course Resource). If a student does not get a good grade despite knowing the rubrics, the teacher is to a point faultless because the student was informed about the assessment criteria and both students and teacher share with each other the requirements for a particular project (Holbrook 2001). Assessments by rubrics are very detailed and give students a much more clear idea of what they are expected (Walvoord n.d.).It is also very helpful as an assessment tool as it is an ongoing review process where students can also self assess themselves on the basis of preset criteria before submitting their work (Andrade 2001).